INDO-EUROPEAN COMMUNICATIONS:
The authors of the article studied the origin of Indo-European tribes in the light of ancient communications and the spread of the tribes according to wheeled transport relics in the steppe zone of Eastern Eurasia. The authors considered some modern theories related to Indo-European (IE) and Indo-Iranian (IIr) origin, defined IE innovations that marked the territories as possible homelands for IEs, and localized them on the map and. The authors used the method of mapping and analysing of IE innovations for localization of possible homeland teritories of IE on the maps and substantiate the polycentric model of the ancestral homeland of IE as model of “nomadic homeland”. According to this model, the IE homeland was localized in the steppe-lands of Eurasian continent, and in the course of time changed its place from Assyrian steppes to Eurasia (Europe and Ural-Kazakh steppes) by two main ways (north and south) through Margiana and Transcaucasia.
Dados bibliográficos
| Título da revista: | Revista Gênero & Direito |
|---|---|
| Primer autor: | Victor A. Novozhenov |
| Outros autores: | Elina K. Altynbekova; Aibek Zh. Sydykov |
| Palavras chave: | |
| Idioma: | Português |
| Ligação recurso: | https://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/article/view/52819 |
| Tipo de recurso: | Artigo de revista |
| Fonte: | Revista Gênero & Direito; Vol 9, No 4 (Ano 2020). |
| DOI: | http://dx.doi.org/10.22478/ufpb.2179-7137.2020v9n04.52819 |
| Entidade editora: | Universidade Federal da Paraíba |
| Direitos de utilização: | Reconocimiento - NoComercial (by-nc) |
| Áreas de conhecimento / Matérias: | Ciências Sociais e Humanidades --> Questões Sociais |
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| Bibliografia: |
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Wu Hsiao-yun Chariots in Early China: origins, cultural interaction and identity // BAR Int. Series (S2457). Oxford: Archaeopress, 2013. List of abbreviations IE – the Indo-Europeans. IIr – the Indo-Iranians. JIES – Journal of Indo-European Studies. KSIA – Brief reports of the Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. – Moscow: Nauka. MNC – Maikop-Novosvobodnaya community. MRA – Materials and research on the archeology of the USSR. PAS – Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences. PPS – Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society. – London. Figure 6. Estimated localization of the ancestral homeland of the late Indo-Europeans at the end of the 3rd and the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE. Colored arrows on the map: white – Seima-Turbino communication channel (the Tin Road); yellow – Turanian communication channel; black – Hittite-Mitannian communication channel; red – Egyptian communication channel; blue – Indian communication channel RAY – Russian Archaeological yearbook. – St. Petersburg. Khazanov A. M. About periodization of the history of the nomads of the Eurasian steppes . In: Problems of Ethnography. Moscow: Nauka, 1973:5-10. Renfrew C. The Tarim basin, Tocharian and Indo-European origins: a view from the west. In: BAEIAP. 1998. Vol. 1. Raulwing P. Horses, chariots and Indo-Europeans. Foundations and methods of chariotry research from the viewpoint of comparative Indo-European linguistic. Budapest: Archaeolingua, 2000. Piggott St. The earliest wheeled transport from the Atlantic Coast to the Caspian Sea. London: Thames and Hudson, 1983. Outram K. The Oxford handbook of the archaeology and anthropology of hunter-gatherers / Cummings V., Jordan P., Zvelebil M., Eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014:749–766. Outram A. K. et al. (Outram A. K., Stear N. A., Bendrey R., Olsen S., Kasparov A., Zaibert V., Thorpe N., Evershed R. P.) The earliest horse harnessing and milking. In Science, 323, 2009:1332–1335. Novozhenov V. A. Whence did the Cimmerians come? Transcontinental communications of the Early Nomads in the light of the origin of the Cimmerians // Journal of Historical Archaeology & Anthropological Science 3(1): 00058, 2018, DOI: 10.15406/jhaas.2017.03.0005. http://medcraveonline.com/JHAAS/volume_issues?issueId=1974&volumeId=563, http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jhaas.2018.03.00058 Novozhenov V. A. Bronze Age Trans-Eurasian communications. In: Sixth International Congress of Eurasian Archaeology. Eurasian Prehistory, ICEA 2017 BUCA, Abstracts / A. SemI?h GünerI? (Editor). Izmir: Dokuz Eylül University, 2017:56-58. Novozhenov V. A. The origin of the Indo-Europeans – arguments and myths. In: Article and discussion on Genofond.rf online, date: 03.10.2015e. http://xn--c1acc6aafa1c.xn--p1ai/?page_id=3668 Novozhenov V. A. Pictoral communications of Central Asian population in the Bronze Age. In: Russian Archaology. No. 3. 2015d:20-36. Novozhenov V. A. Wheeled transport and communications of Early Eurasian Nomads. In: Stratum plus. No. 3. 2015b:57-88. Novozhenov V. A. On the origin of the A-shaped type carts of Minusinsk Basin. In: Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia. No. 2 (58). Novosibirsk, 2014b:90-100. Novozhenov V. A. Miracle of the ethnic history of ancient nomads of the steppe Eurasia / EpimakhovA.V.(Ed.). Collective memorial monograph for E. E. Kuzmina. Almaty: The Island of Crimea, 2014a. Novozhenov V. A. Earliest blacksmiths of Eurasian steppes (Karasuk culture and origin of Begazy-Dandybai phenomenon). In: Begazy-Dandybai culture of steppe Eurasia. / A. Z. Beisenov (ed.). Almaty: Begazy-Tasmola, 2013a:321-329. Novozhenov V. A. Early Andronovo chariot innovation and some aspects of the genesis of Chinese civilization. In: Eurasian steppe cultures and their interaction with the ancient civilizations. Proceedings of the international scientific conference. Vol. 2. St. Petersburg, 2012b:183-187. Novozhenov V. A. Communications and Earliest Wheeled Transport of Eurasia. Ed. E.E.Kuzmina. – Moscow and Almaty: Taus, 2012a. Nikolaeva N. A., Safronov V. A. Problems of the appearance of the wheeled transport in Europe. The oldest wagon in Eastern Europe. Isolation of Cubano-Dnieper culture – the culture of ancient carts. In: Nomads of Azov-Caspian Intermarum. Ordzhonikidze, 1982:43-83. Mertz I. V. History of studying the Eastern and North-Eastern Kazakhstan of the Early Bronze Age. In: Economic and cultural traditions of Altai in the Bronze Age. Barnaul, 2010:49-58. Merpert N. Y. About ethnocultural situation of the 4th-3rd millennia BCE in Circumpontic zone. In: Ancient Ethno-cultural communications. Vol. 80. Moscow: Nauka, 1988:7-36. Merpert N. Y. Ancient herdsmen of the Volga-Ural interfluve. Moscow: Nauka, 1974. Masanov N. E. Kazakh nomadic civilization: basics of life migratory habits of society. Almaty: Print-S, 2011. Markov G. E. Asian Nomads (economic structure and overall organization). Moscow: Moscow Univ., 1976. Mallory J. P., Mair V. The Tarim Mummies. London., N.Y., 2000. Robb J. Random causes with directed effects: the Indo-European language spread and the stochastic loss of lineages. In: Antiquity. Vol. 65. 1991:287-291. Mallory J. P. Vague ideas of the 21st century about ancestral homeland of Indo-European languages. In: Questions of linguistic affinity. No. 9. 2013. Rusanov I. A. Features of metallurgy fortified settlements of the Bronze Age in the Zauralye (according to experimental works). In: Archeology in an era of Kazakhstan independence: results and prospects. Proceedings of the international scientific conference dedicated to 20th anniversary of Independence of Kazakhstan and 20th anniversary of the Institute of Archaeology. Almaty, 2011:314-320. Samashev Z. Rock art of Kazakhstan as historical evidence: Avtoref. of Doct… of Hist.: 07.00.06. – Almaty: Institute of Archaeology, 2010. Figure 2. The channels of communication in the 3rd millennium BCE: Era of vans and battle wagons. Colored arrows on the map: white – Pit-Grave and Afanasievo communication channel; yellow – Sumerian communication channel; black – Turanian communication channel; red – Harappan communication channel Figure 1. Urals-Kazakh steppes. Reconstruction of true chariot drawn by two horses, according to the evidence of Early Andronovo chariot burials. Reconstructed by Viktor Novozhenov and Krym Altynbekov [2014] List of figures SAPAR – Siberian Association of Prehistoric Art Researchers. SA/RA – Soviet archaeology/ Russian archeology. – Moscow: Nauka. RSH – Reports of the State Hermitage. – Leningrad. PPS – Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society. – London. PAS – Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences. MRA – Materials and research on the archeology of the USSR. MNC – Maikop-Novosvobodnaya community. KSIA – Brief reports of the Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. – Moscow: Nauka. JIES – Journal of Indo-European Studies. IIr – the Indo-Iranians. IE – the Indo-Europeans. List of abbreviations Wu Hsiao-yun Chariots in Early China: origins, cultural interaction and identity // BAR Int. Series (S2457). Oxford: Archaeopress, 2013. Vasiliev L. S. Agrarian relations and the community in ancient China (9th-7th centuries BCE). Moscow: Nauka, 1961. Toynbee A. Study of History.Vol. 3. London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1934. Shilov V. P. Models of herders of Eurasian steppe regions in the Chalcolithic era and the Early Bronze Age. In: Soviet Archaeology. No. 1. 1975:5-15. Sher Y. A. Petroglyphs of Middle and Central Asia. Moscow: Nauka, 1980. Semenov V. A. Pit-Grave culture – Afanasevo culture and the problem of Proto-Tocharian migration to the east. In: Change of cultures and migrations in Western Siberia. Tomsk:University press, 1987:137-153. Sarianidi V. I., Dubova N. A. New tomb in the territory of the Royal necropolis of Gonur (Preliminary Report). In: Towards the opening of civilization. Proceedings of Margiana archaeological expedition. Vol. 3. St. Petersburg, 2010. Safronov V. A. Indo-European homeland. Gorky: Volga-Vyatka Publ. House, 1989. Mallory J. P. The homelands of the Indo-Europeans. In: Blench R. & M. Spriggs (eds.). Archaeology and Language 1. London and New York: Routledge, 1997:93–121. Littauer M. A., Crouwel J. H. The origin of the true chariot. In: Antiquity. Vol. 70. (N 270). 1996: 934–939. Gimbutas M. The first wave of Eurasian steppe pastoralists in Copper Age Europe. In: JIES. Vol. 2. N 4. 1978:277-338. Gimbutas M. Proto-Indo-European culture: the Kurgan culture during 5th-4th and 3rd Millenniums BCE. In: Indo-European and Indo-Europeans. Philadelphia, 1970:155-197. Gaunitz Ch., et al. Ancient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and Przewalski’s horses In: Science 22, Feb2018:eaao3297, DOI: 10.1126/science.aao3297 Gay A. N. Novotitorovo culture. Moscow: Old Garden, 2000. Gamkrelidze T., Ivanov V.V. Indo-European language and the Indo-Europeans. Tbilisi: Publishing House of the University, 1984. Part 1-2. Frankfort H.-P. Civilization of BMAC and location of Marakhshi in 2300-1800 BCE. In: Ancient Margiana – new center of world civilization. Proceedings of the international conference. Mary, 2006:193-194. Epimakhov A. V. “Horizon of chariot cultures” of Bronze Age: evaluation of heuristic capabilities. In: Proceedings of the Chelyabinsk Scientific Center. Vol. 2 (39). 2008: 93-96. Diakonov I. M. Language contacts in the Caucasus and the Middle East. In: Caucasus and the civilization of the Middle East. Abstracts of the conference. Ordzhonikidze, 1989: 5-21. Damgaard et al. 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppe. In: Nature, 557, (7705), 17 may 2018b:369-375. Damgaard et al. The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia In: Science, 556, 09 May 2018a, DOI: 10.1126/science.aar771 Childe V. G. The down of European civilization. London, 1957. Childe V. G. The Diffusion of Wheeled Vehicles. In: Ethnographisch-archaeologische Forschungen. Vol. 2. 1954: 1-17. Childe V. G. The first wagons and carts from Tigris to the Severn. In: PPS. N 8. 1951. Chechushkov I., et al. (Chechushkov I.V., Epimakhov A.V., Bersenev A.G.). Early horse bridle with cheekpieces as a marker of social change: An experimental and statistical study. In: Journal of Archaeological Science 97, 2018:125-136. Chechushkov I. V., Epimakhov A. V. 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